Laminar Flames
Call for Contributions for ISF-5
In preparation for ISF-5, we need your input to maximize participations and improve our understanding of soot formation by encouraging multiple contributions to modelling and experiments on target flames and reactors.
Following the outcomes of ISF-4, we aim to select target flames that help us investigate critical concepts in soot formation such as 1. Inception, 2. morphology, 3. composition, 4. optical properties, and 5. oxidation. By suggesting target flames and reactors, we aim to encourage multiple modeling contributions as well as measurements for data that is currently missing for the suggested targets. Also, we are including a series of counterflow diffusion flames, flames with real fuels as well as flow reactors as targets in order to expand the envelop of soot formation conditions for modeling and measurements.
To maximize contributions, the plan is to encourage any simulation and experimental work on the listed targets with a focus on one of the critical concepts. However, in order to keep the workshop focused, we plan to ask all those who provide simulation data to model one main target premixed and one main target counterflow diffusion flame. This way we can compare different models on a standard platform without limiting contributions on other targets.
The criteria for selecting the main flames is availability of data from multiple techniques on soot concentration and morphology that complement each other as well as species concentration measurements.
Some of the suggested flames and reactors are classic targets of the previous ISF workshops. The reason for suggesting each target is briefly explained together with the data that is currently available. The suggested main premixed and counterflow diffusion flames are identified by “ISF-5 main”. Also, premixed and counterflow diffusion flames using real fuels (Jet A) are listed as potential targets.
Please select the targets that you are planning to simulate or collect data for before ISF-5 in 2021. Also, let us know if you can simulate the “ISF-5 main” flames or if you suggest a different flame as “ISF-5 main”.
We look forward to working with all of you to make the ISF-5 a success.
Download information about ISF 5 potential target flames and reactors here.
M Reza Kholghy
On behalf of the Program Leaders for the Laminar Flames Program
We encourage you to simulate or perform experiments on any of the flames listed below.
Note that the target of ISF-4 is the chemical and physical processes of soot particle inception, and the science behind the gas to solid phase transition. Contributions to the Laminar and Pressurised Flames Colloquium of the ISF-4 will be solicited in this area.
Simulations have been performed to provide complete temperature profiles that are in close agreement with the experimentally-measured values. These profiles are highlighted in red in the Excel spreadsheets. Everyone is strongly encouraged to impose these temperature profiles in their calculations.
Call for submissions form for laminar flames.
Laminar Premixed Flames
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 1: McKenna burner-stabilised flames
McKenna burner-stabilised flames a) Ethylene/air at ɸ =2.07 (C/O=0.69)
V0=3.21 cm/s, 3.48 cm/s, 3.74 cm/s, 4.01 cm/s, 4.28 cm/s, 5.35 cm/s, 5.88 cm/s
b) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.16 (C/O=0.72)
V0=2.94 cm/s, 3.21 cm/s, 3.74 cm/s, 4.01 cm/s,
4.54 cm/s, 5.35 cm/s, 5.61 cm/s, 6.15 cm/s
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 2: McKenna burner-stabilised flames
McKenna burner-stabilised flames a) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.34 (C/O=0.78)
V0=6.8cm/s
b) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.64 (C/O=0.88)
V0=6.8cm/s
c) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.94 (C/O=0.98)
V0=6.8cm/s
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 3: McKenna burner-stabilised flames (LII target flames)
McKenna burner-stabilised flames (LII target flames) a) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.1 (C/O=0.7)
V0=6.37cm/s
b) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.3 (C/O=0.767)
V0=6.37cm/s
c) Ethylene/air at ɸ=2.34 (C/O=0.78)
V0=6.37cm/s
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 4: McKenna burner-stabilised flames (slightly lifted flames)
McKenna burner-stabilised flames (slightly lifted flames) a) Ethylene/air at ɸ =2.3 (C/O=0.766)
V0=7.09cm/s
b) Ethylene/air at ɸ =2.5 (C/O=0.834)
V0=7.18cm/s
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 5: McKenna burner-stabilised flames (pure oxygen flames)
McKenna burner-stabilised flames (pure oxygen flames) a) Ethylene/O2 at ɸ=2.42 (C/O=0.8)
V0=2cm/s, 4cm/s, 6cm/s
b) Ethylene/O2 at ɸ=3.03 (C/O=0.834)
V0=4cm/s
-
ISF-4 premixed flames 6 (updated May 2018): Burner-stabilised,stagnation (BSS) flame
Burner-stabilised, stagnation (BSS) flame a) Ethylene-argon-oxygen at ɸ=2.07 (C/O=0.69)
Vo=8cm/s
-
ISF-4 linked premixed flames: McKenna burner-stabilised flames (slightly lifted flames)
McKenna burner-stabilised flames (slightly lifted flames) ISF-2 target flame 1 Duisburg - (session pressurised) pressurised laminar Premixed ethylene C2H4
1 atmosphere case
Co-flow laminar diffusion flame
-
ISF-4 co-flow 1: Santoro burner data (smoking/non-smoking flames)
Santoro burner data
(Smoking/non-smoking flames)
a) Non-smoking ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame
b) Incipient-smoking ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame
c) Smoking ethylene/air co flow diffusion flame
a) Ethylene/air nonsmoking flame - Fuel flow rate:3.85cm3/s
b) Ethylene/air incipient smoking flame - Fuel flow rate: 3.85cm3
c) Ethylene/air smoking flame - Fuel flow rate:4.9cm3/s
-
ISF-4 co-flow 2: Santoro burner data (non-smoking ethylene flames)
Santoro burner data
(partially premixed non-smoking ethylene flames)
a) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = ∞, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
b) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = 24, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
c) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = 12, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
d) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = 6, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
e) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = 4, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
f) Ethylene/air/N2 Φ = 3, C2H4 at 220 cm3/min
g) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = ∞, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min
h) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = 24, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min
i) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = 20, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min
j) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = 15, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min
k) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = 10, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min
l) Ethylene/air/N2/Ar Φ = 5, C2H4 at 231 cm3/min -
ISF-4 co-flow 3: Smooke/Long burner data
Smooke/Long burner data (non-smoking, diluted with varying levels of nitrogen)
Experimental data and flame details for Smooke Long burner data
a) 32% fuel, flow rate of 0.044cm3/s
b) 40% fuel, flow rate of 0.044cm3/s
c) 60% fuel, flow rate of 0.044cm3/s
d) 80% fuel flow rate of 0.044cm3/s
e) 80% fuel, flow rate of 0.022cm3/s
-
ISF-4 co-flow 4: D'Anna burner data
D'Anna burner data (non-smoking flame,
co-flowing laminar diffusion ethylene flame)
a) Ethylene/air, fuel flow rate of 3.85cm cubed /second
-
ISF-4 co-flow 5: De Iuliis burner data
De Iuliis burner data (non-smoking, co-flowing
diffusion ethylene flame
a) Ethylene/air, fuel flow rate of 2.5cm cubed/second
-
ISF-4 co-flow 6: Adelaide time-varying acoustic-forced flames
Adelaide time-varying acoustic-forced flames Data introduction documentation
The large data set is accessible by contacting zhiwei.sun@adelaide.edu.au.
-
ISF-4 linked co-flow flames: Laminar diffusion flames atmospheric and pressurized
Details Data sets Laminar diffusion flames atmospheric and pressurised ISF-2 target flame 3 Kaust -(session pressurised) pressurised laminar nitrogen diluted flame C2H4/N2
1 atmosphere case
-
ISF-4 linked co-flow flames 2: Santoro-Adelaide burner data
Details Data sets Introduction C2H4 N2 H2 blended flames - please download.
Non-smoking, co-flowing ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen flames. Linked to turbulent flames: ISF-3 target flame 1 (Adelaide Jet Flames 1-6).
Burner ID = 10.5 mm; co-flowing air exit velocity: 0.642 m/s;
There are two series of flames:
- Flame set-I: the flow rate of ethylene is held constant as 0.207 Liters/minute, corresponding to an exit velocity of 0.040 m/s, while hydrogen or nitrogen is added to the fuel at a volumetric fraction of 20% or 40%, also including a pure ethylene flame (ethylene: 0.207 L/min).
- Flame set-II: the total flow rate of ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen mixture is held constant as 0.259 Liters/minute, corresponding to an exit velocity of 0.050 m/s, while the volumetric fractions of ethylene, hydrogen and nitrogen are varied (from 0 to 40%), also including a pure ethylene flame (ethylene: 0.259 L/min).
Soot volume fraction, primary particle diameter, flames temperature were measured with planar optical methods. Flame temperature was also measured with a thermocouple in the upstream of the flames.
Gas temperature centerline thermocouple
Laminar pressurised flames and sprays
-
ISF-4 target flame 2: Laminar diffusion pressurised
Highest preference in this flame series has the 4 bar case with most comprehensive data available.
KAUST diffusion pressurized
This data set contains data for atmospheric conditions (no soot) thus links to laminar flames session.Flow and operating conditions:
- Pressure range for soot volume fraction and particle size: 4 - 16 atm
- Pressure range for temperature: 1 - 4 atm
- Pressure range for species: 1 - 16 atm
- Fuel mass flow: 1.37 mg/s ethylene, 6.41 mg/s nitrogen
- Co-flow mass flow for fv , D63, and dp : 1.25, 2.51, 4.01, 4.42 g/s air at 4, 8, 12, and 16 atm, respectively
- Co-flow mass flow for temperature and species: 1.25 g/s for 1-8 atm, 1.32 g/s for 12 and 16 atm
Dimensions for soot volume fraction and particle size:
Fuel tube ID is 4.0 mm. The 6.1 mm OD is tapered from 5 mm below fuel nozzle exit to the tip. A 100 ppi carbon foam 8 mm in length is placed inside the fuel nozzle 8 mm below the nozzle tip. The co-flow diameter is 50 mm and contains a honeycomb with 1 mm channels that ends 5 mm below fuel nozzle tip.
Dimensions for temperature and species:
Fuel tube ID is 4.0 mm. The 6.35 mm OD is tapered from 5 mm below fuel nozzle exit to the tip. Steel wool is placed inside the fuel nozzle 8 mm below the nozzle tip. The co-flow contains a 100 ppi aluminum foam which ends 5 mm below the fuel nozzle tip. For 1-8 atm, the co-flow diameter is 50 mm, and for 12 and 16 atm, the co-flow diameter is 25 mm.
Measurements:
- Soot volume fraction ( fv ) and particle size (D63 and dp ) by line of sight attenuation and scattering. Df = 1.7, kf = 2.4.
- Temperature by thermocouple measurement, species by gas extraction via quartz probe and GC analysis
Reference for soot, temperature and species:
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.11.004
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.148
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.034
Contact:
Prof. Willam RobertsSoot volume fraction measurement
-
ISF-4 target flame 3: Laminar premixed pressurised 1
Image: Duisburg premixed pressurised
This data set contains data for atmospheric conditions (no soot), thus links to laminar flames session.
Flow and operating conditions
Pressure range: 0.1 - 3.0 MPa
Dimensions:
Three concentric burner plates (sintered material) for stabilizing a laminar sooting flame in the center shielded by an annular non-sooting rich flame and an air coflow. The housing and the flanges are water cooled. Multiple optical ports allow the application of various optical diagnostics techniques.
- Diameter of inner burner: 20 mm
- Diameter of fresh gas tube: 22 mm
- Diameter of surrounding burner: 26 × 56 mm
- Diameter of coflow : 60 × 86 mm
- Detailed 3D-CAD files are available!
- Visible flame heights: ~ 1 mm
- Visible sooting exhaust gas height: > 40 mm fixed equivalence ratio of ɸ=2.1
Image: Duisburg premixed pressurised
This data set contains data for atmospheric conditions (no soot), thus links to laminar flames session.
Measurements:
- Laser Induced Incandescence (TiRe-LII)CMD, fv
- Excitation @ 1064 nm, detection @ 550/694 nm
- Laser Extinction @ 785 nm fv
- Particle Sampling & TEM evaluation CMD
- Spectrally resolved black body radiation Tgas
Locations:
All diagnostics have been applied at 15 mm HAB for 18 different pressures, several additional measurement locations have been studied in addition with some of the diagnosticsNote: LII signal suffers from attenuation, thus fv determined by LII deviates from that by extinction, being the more reliable measure for increased pressure/soot concentrations
Fuel:
- Ethylene (C2H4) for sooting flames
- non-sooting flames with ethylene, methane, propene
- other gaseous fuels are possible
References:
M. Hofmann, B.F. Kock, T. Dreier, H. Jander, C. Schulz: Appl. Phys. B 90, 629 (2008)
Data is available on request from the email addresses below:
Prof. Dr. Christof Schulz
Dr. Thomas Dreier -
ISF-4 target flame 4: Laminar premixed pressurised 2
This data set contains data for atmospheric conditions, thus links to laminar flames session.
Flow and operating conditions
Pressure range: 0.1 – 0.5 MPa
Dimensions:
The central, sooting flame (ethylene/air) was stabi¬lized above a water-cooled sintered bronze matrix. This flame is surrounded by a non-sooting “shielding flame” of methane/air (varying ɸ). The flames were surrounded by an air coflow. The diameters of the central matrix, shielding matrix, and coflow duct were 41.3 mm, 61.3 mm, and 150 mm, respectively.
Conditions:
Pressure: 3 bar
ɸ = 2.3 (C/O=0.766)
ɸ = 2.5 (C/O=0.834)Pressure: 3 bar
ɸ = 2.05 (C/O=0.683)
ɸ = 2.4 (C/O=0.8)Measurements:
- Laser Induced Incandescence
- Shifted vibrational CARS
Fuel: Ethylene (C2H4) / air mixture for central flame.
References:
M.S. Tsurikov et al., Comb. Sci. Technol. 177 (2005) 1835-1862
-
ISF-4 other flame 1: Pressurised laminar diffusion C2H6
Flow and operating conditions:
- Pressure range: 0.2 - 3.34 MPa
- Fuel (ethylene) mass flow: 0.00052 g/s
- Co-flow mass flow: 0.12g/s for 0.2-2.53MPa, 0.24g/s for 3.04-3.34MPa
- Visible flame heights: ~ 10 mm
Dimensions:
Fuel tube exit is tapered for a distance of 5 mm on both sides. There is sintered foam in the tube prior to the start of the taper.- Starting inner fuel tube diameter: 2.29 mm
- Exit inner duel tube diameter : 3.06 mm
- Starting outer fuel tube diameter: 4.76 mm
- Exit outer fuel tube diameter: 3.06 mm
There is sintered foam in the air tube at a distance of 14.7 mm below the exit plane of the fuel tube.
- Air tube inner diameter: 25 mm
Reference for complete burner geometry:
P. Mandatori , Soot formation in ethane-air coflow laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressures, Master's thesis, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (2006).Measurements:
Soot volume fraction and temperature by spectral soot emission (SSE) diagnostics.Reference:
Mandatori et al. (2011), Proc. Combust. Inst, 33:577-584Contact: Professor Ömer Gülder
-
ISF-4 other flame 2: Pressurised laminar diffusion CH4
Image: Methane-Air Gülder
Flow and operating conditions:
- Pressure range: 1.0 - 6 MPa
- Fuel (CH4) mass flow: 0.00055 g/s
- Co-flow mass flow: 0.4 g/s for lower pressures, 0.8g/s for higher pressures
- Fuel temperature: 294 +/- 3K
- Air temperature: 294 +/- 3K
- Visible flame heights: ~ 9 mm
Dimensions:
Fuel tube exit is tapered for a distance of 5 mm on both sides. There is sintered foam in the tube prior to the start of the taper.- Starting inner fuel tube diameter: 2.29 mm
- Exit inner fuel tube diameter: 3.06 mm
- Starting outer fuel tube diameter: 4.76 mm
- Exit outer fuel tube diameter: 3.06 mm
There is sintered foam in the air tube at a distance of 14.7 mm below the exit plane of the fuel tube.
- Air tube inner diameter: 25 mm
Reference for complete burner geometry:
P. Mandatori , Soot formation in ethane-air coflow laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressures, Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (2006)Measurements:
Soot volume fraction and temperature by spectral soot emission (SSE) diagnostics.Download the data file.
References:
- D.R. Snelling et al. AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 9, September 2002
- H.I. Joo et al. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 32, 2009, pages 769-775
- M.R.J. Charest et al., Combustion and Flame, Vol. 158, 2011, pages 860-875
Contact: Professor Ömer Gülder